I'm sure others here are far better at listing/defining/explaining wooden wing structures.
I'll point out 3.
Sopwith Camel ( search Sopwith Camel airfoil & look at images ) which is a Eiffel truss wire braced wing, fabric top and bottom.
Fokker D.VII which is a cantilever wing, plywood top & bottom. ( And an airfoil that is very "modern" )
The "D tube" leading edge with spar & curved leading edge skin forming a D shaped box spar, typically with ribs covered top & bottom with fabric.
Partial list, pictures that make sense.
Note on fabric covered wings WW1.
Simplicity vs. Performance. Plywood surface list...
A simple flat plywood lower surface no ribs. Hard to get simpler & worse.
Flat plywood lower surface, & ribs, no upper surface. Yep, harder & worse. Why bother with ribs?
Curved plywood upper surface, ribs to help hold shape, no bottom surface. In shape and drag much like extreme light paraglider ( see Xlite link above ) airfoil. Better by far for lift/drag but far from optimum.
Note that all 3 don't have spars, unless they're just horrid drag making spoilers.
Plywood bottom, ribs, fabric top. Easy to make, a place to hide a spar, and decent performance. Downside is the only advantage over fabric top & bottom is strength in fore and aft drag forces, which internal wire or strut triangulation can probably do lighter. Not so great in twisting.
Plywood top, ribs, spar, lower fabric. Harder to build, highest performance yet, some twisting & anti-drag strength improvement, over fabric top and bottom.
Fabric top & bottom, ribs, spar.
Plywood top & bottom.
Carved from tree solid wood.

Actually fairly simple in several senses. Really hard in others, too heavy for my taste. ( And every other successful designers )
Etc.